FRACTALES Y PERFORMANCE EN LA ACTIVACIÓN DEL TURISMO AGROALIMENTARIO

La representación estética y la multiplicación fractal son mecanismos ampliamente empleados para el desarrollo de productos y servicios, que responden a las necesidades de un consumo que demanda infinitas variaciones sobre patrones de consumo medianamente similares. Así, es posible encontrar un mismo producto en múltiples representaciones que se reinventan, a la velocidad de la dinámica de acumulación del capital, lo que podría entenderse como la naturaleza fractal de los procesos de globalización (Morales, 2006).El presente trabajo es un estudio de caso que analiza los mecanismos usados en la implementación del turismo en una zona productora quesos y vinos en el centro de México. Para ello se desarrolló un estudio etnográfico en trece establecimientos pertenecientes a la Ruta del Queso y el Vino de Querétaro. A través de la teoría de fractales y la teoría de la performance se detectaron mecanismos de apropiación territorial, asociados con la reproducción y la representación del espacio rural, para recrear unidades funcionales al turismo. Se concluye que la capacidad de transformar el espacio para el desarrollo de actividades turísticas está asociada con la posesión de capitales, por lo que los beneficios del turismo se distribuyen de manera asimétrica y su eficacia como estrategia de desarrollo es ambivalente

Turismo agroalimentario una perspectiva recreativa de los alimentos emblemáticos desde la geografía del gusto

Los alimentos siempre han sido parte fundamental del producto turístico debido a que, durante el viaje, los turistas deben consumirlos como parte sustantiva de su estadía. En el contexto del turismo de sol y playa, la oferta gastronómica se ha asociado generalmente a platos homogéneos y estandarizados, ajustados a la demanda turística. Sin embargo, esta situación cambió a raíz de la emergencia de nuevos patrones de consumo turístico, centrados en la singularidad de los alimentos, en detrimento de las ofertas estandarizadas. En este sentido, el patrimonio agroalimentario comenzó a ganar un lugar importante dentro de las motivaciones de los turistas interesados en conocer parte de la cultura de los destinos visitados. Así, los alimentos ligados al territorio tenían la posibilidad de convertirse en atractivos turísticos.La relación entre alimentos y turismo ocupa un importante lugar en los estudios turísticos. Dichos trabajos presentan ambigüedad conceptual respecto al turismo asociado con alimentos emblemáticos. Por ello es necesario realizar una revisión del alimento como recurso turístico, a partir de su función como marcador de identidad territorial, que permite crear experiencias auténticas. El objetivo del trabajo es reflexionar sobre la vinculación entre agricultura, gastronomía y turismo, con la finalidad de comprender cómo éstas intersecciones influyen en la consolidación de nuevas tendencias turísticas

El papel de los activos productivos en modos de vida rurales. La obtención de indicadores

Se realizó un estudio que demuestra la utilidad conceptual y práctica del enfoque de los modos de vida y la investigación rural participativa en el análisis de programas de desarrollo rural. Proporciona una valiosa herramienta con amplias posibilidades de adecuarse a planes y proyectos basados en la filosofía del desarrollo con enfoque territorial, así como nuevas perspectivas de análisis a favor del desarrollo rural sustentable. Demuestra que programas basados en la transferencia de activos productivos generan una diversidad de efectos económicos, sociales y ambientales, directos e indirectos, que intervienen en lasostenibilidad de los modos de vida de los beneficiarios.Se realizó un estudio que demuestra la utilidad conceptual y práctica del enfoque de los modos de vida y la investigación rural participativa en el análisis de programas de desarrollo rural. Proporciona una valiosa herramienta con amplias posibilidades de adecuarse a planes y proyectos basados en la filosofía del desarrollo con enfoque territorial, así como nuevas perspectivas de análisis a favor del desarrollo rural sustentable. Demuestra que programas basados en la transferencia de activos productivos generan una diversidad de efectos económicos, sociales y ambientales, directos e indirectos, que intervienen en lasostenibilidad de los modos de vida de los beneficiarios

The consumer of food products in organic markets of central mexico

Since the nineteenth century, and especially after the Second World War, the industrialisation of food production and the so-called “green revolution” caused dietary changes in virtually all countries. The increase in food production and the strategic distribution of processed foods changed the territorial model and broke the bond between food products and the land (Pérez Izquierdo et al., 2012; Montiel and Collado, 2010). The use of agrochemicals brought several benefits such as increased food production and access to cheap food, but it had a negative impact on the environment, which generated discontent and gave rise to a negative social perception of the global food system and agricultural industrialisation (Zanoli et al., 2012; Pinstrup-Andersen, 2011; Krom and Mol, 2010; Montiel and Collado, 2010).Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the characteristics of consumers of organic food, based on their motivations. Design/methodology/approach – A questionnaire based on the Food Choice Questionnaire was applied to a 656 consumers. A multivariate factor analysis and cluster analysis was performed to the data. Findings – Seven factors were identified: ecological concern; nutritional content; availability of natural products; sensory aspects; certifications, health and confidence; and economic aspects. Resulting clusters were named as: conscious and interested in certification; conscious with no interest in certification; opportunist in transition; unconscious opportunist. There are signs of different consumers. The consumers of these products are characterised by an interaction between hedonic and ethical motivations, where the most important motivation is environmental concern and the least important are the economic aspects. Research limitations/implications – The reduced number of alternative markets in Mexico limits the amplitude of the research. Practical implications – The work herein reported is pioneer and contributes to reduce the lack of studies on the motivations and characteristics of consumers of organic foods in Mexico. Findings may set a path for new research in other cultural contexts; as well as for more specific work in Mexico as of consumers of industrialised organic products. Social implications – Characterising consumers of organic foods will enable the development of these markets. Originality/value – Social studies of eating habits have taken place in European countries; and several works have been developed in other areas of the world to determine the way in which consumers build their preferences and food choice patterns. In Mexico, specifically in organic foods, studies have focussed in agrarian economics, but the analysis of motivations for choice has not been addressed. Therefore, it is important to research this issue given the relevance for consumers

Aprovechamiento recreativo de los hongos comestibles silvestres: casos de micoturismo en el mundo con énfasis en México.

In several countries around the world, including Mexico, there is a trend towards sustainable forest management, which includes non-timber forest resources and new non-extractive activities such as tourism. One of the resources that has arisen high interest in this regard are wild edible mushrooms, whose economic and cultural importance gives them the ability to be diversified in a wide range of products and services. Among the forms of diversification of mycological resources is tourism based on wild edible mushrooms, which is a recreational activity based on knowledge, identification, gathering and tasting of mushrooms. This literature review deals with the antecedents related to the recreational use of wild edible mushrooms and their challenges at a global level, emphasizing, in the case of Mexico, an analytical perspective of the processes of productive restructuring of the forest spaces. Mycological tourism is shown as an ambivalent activity, which is placed between a mercantilist vision on mycological resources and a forest management tool, based on investment processes, regulation and spatial planning. For this reason, it is necessary to analyze the productive transformations of the forests to know the contribution of mycological tourism in the social transformation and the improvement of the living conditions of rural communities.En diversos países del mundo, incluido México, existe una tendencia hacia la gestión forestal sostenible, que contempla a los recursos forestales no maderables y nuevas actividades no extractivas como el turismo. Uno de los recursos que mayor interés ha despertado, en este sentido, son los hongos comestibles silvestres, cuya importancia económica y cultural les confiere la capacidad de ser diversificados en una amplia gama de productos y servicios. Dentro de las formas de diversificación de los recursos micológicos se encuentra el micoturismo, actividad recreativa basada en el conocimiento, identificación, recolección y degustación de los hongos. La presente revisión aborda los antecedentes relacionados con el aprovechamiento recreativo de los hongos comestibles silvestres y sus desafíos a nivel global, enfatizando en el caso de México desde una perspectiva analítica de los procesos de reestructuración productiva de los espacios forestales. El turismo micológico se muestra como una actividad ambivalente, que se debate entre una visión mercantilista sobre los recursos micológicos y una herramienta de manejo forestal, basada en procesos de inversión, regulación y ordenación del territorio. Por lo anterior, es necesario analizar las transformaciones productivas de los bosques para conocer la contribución del turismo micológico en la transformación social y la mejora de las condiciones de vida de las comunidades

CHALLENGES FOR THE NEW RURALITY IN A CHANGING WORLD. PROCEEDINGS FROM THE 7TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LOCALIZED AGRI-FOOD SYSTEMS

Social studies on human food consumption are recent with just over thirty years, with the largest advances in the Francophone and Anglophone schools, and to a lesser degree, the Spanish school. In contemporary Western societies, the distance between the consumers and the preparation of their own food makes the global agri-food industry and its distribution system as symbols of a current void (Díaz and Gómez, 2005; Álvarez, 2008), increased suspicion on the manipulation of food by these industries (Aguilar, 2007), and generating interest for differentiated foods where consumption is not ruled by economic aspects, but also by values as health, quality, tradition, culture, the environment and ethics (Espeitx, 1996).Social studies of eating habits have less than thirty years, the main advances has taken place in the Francophone and Anglophone schools. In Mexico, for the first time, the analysis of food choice has been addressed. The objective of this work was to identify segments of Mexican consumers from the motives for their food choices, through the Food Choice Questionnaire, and through multivariate factor and cluster analysis. The results show that there are signs of different consumers, Mexican consumers have other priorities, particularly in terms of taste, in general expressing low sensitivity to issues of health and nutrition, even more so towards animal welfare and products that are friendly to the environment

Estudios de Caso sobre Ciencias Agropecuarias y Rurales en el siglo XXI.

Libro científico sobre estudios de casos en el medio agropecuario y ruralCon el advenimiento del siglo XXI y el avance de los procesos de globalización, el medio rural presenta diversos cambios económicos, sociales, políticos y culturales. Lo anterior significa que el campo es un objeto de estudio altamente dinámico, complejo e inasible. las ciencias agropecuarias y rurales, en la actualidad, requieren de un abordaje sistémico e interdisciplinario que den cuenta de la heterogeneidad de situaciones y contextos que enfrenta el campo mexicano. La presente obra agrupa 18 estudios de caso, que capturan algunas fotografías de las diversas problemáticas de la ruralidad mexicana, con lo cual se pretende dar cuenta tanto de los objetivos de estudio como de la perspectiva teórico metodológico desde que estos son abordados. lo anterior tiene que ver con el hecho de que las ciencias agropecuarias y rurales manifiestan un alto grado de observación empírica, motivo por el que los estudios de caso se convierten en la perspectiva metodológica idónea que permite ir y venir de la realidad a la teoría y viceversa para la construcción de objetos de estudio. En este volumen se aborda una gran diversidad de casos, que sintetizan la heterogeneidad de enfoques y perspectivas mediante las cuales los fenómenos agropecuarios y rurales han sido abordados en el Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Rurales de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, en los últimos 30 años

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat